CÂU HỎI
Why do false claims spread faster than corrections?
Gom các thẻ bạn thấy giống nhau. Cụm giúp đọc dễ hơn; chúng không quyết định gì.
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Cụm hình thành từ sự giống nhau, tên đặt sau cùng
Thứ tự chuẩn: nối từng cặp ý bạn thấy giống nhau — liên kết là đối xứng (A~B cũng là B~A; chiều không quan trọng) và một liên kết đứng vững khi có 2 thành viên tạo nó.
vì sao
Liên kết là đối xứng — A~B cũng là B~A. Cụm là những tập thẻ hình thành từ các liên kết đứng vững, và chỉ cụm đã hình thành mới được đặt tên, do một người đặt. Liên kết của chính bạn có dấu ✕ để rút lại; bạn không thể xóa liên kết của người khác. Cụm giúp sắp xếp bảng và không bao giờ chặn việc bỏ phiếu — hai thẻ nêu cùng một NHẬN ĐỊNH thì phải gộp, ở giai đoạn Làm rõ.
Liên kết và tên chỉ được tạo khi giai đoạn Gom cụm đang mở; nút ← của người điều phối mở lại giai đoạn này.
Nobody has ever measured what a late correction costs
Chưa ai nói gì.
cụm chưa đặt tên — đặt tên nếu các thẻ trong cụm có điểm chung, hoặc để trống (2)
So the incentive is to revise quietly rather than loudly
~ Independence is asser…Independence is asserted rather than structurally arranged (18)
~ Being wrong in public…Being wrong in public costs an institution more than being slow (17)
Independence is asserted rather than structurally arranged
~ So the incentive is t…So the incentive is to revise quietly rather than loudly (18)
cụm chưa đặt tên — đặt tên nếu các thẻ trong cụm có điểm chung, hoặc để trống (2)
Emergency powers suspend the checks that would have caught it
~ An error admitted ear…An error admitted early would have cost far less than one admitted late (15)
An error admitted early would have cost far less than one admitted late
~ Emergency powers susp…Emergency powers suspend the checks that would have caught it (15)
cụm chưa đặt tên — đặt tên nếu các thẻ trong cụm có điểm chung, hoặc để trống (2)
Anyone with relevant expertise has funding from someone with an interest
~ Declaring an interest…Declaring an interest has replaced avoiding one (13)
Declaring an interest has replaced avoiding one
~ Anyone with relevant …Anyone with relevant expertise has funding from someone with an interest (13)
cụm chưa đặt tên — đặt tên nếu các thẻ trong cụm có điểm chung, hoặc để trống (2)
Being wrong in public costs an institution more than being slow
~ Guidance was stated m…Guidance was stated more confidently than the evidence supported (22)
~ So the incentive is t…So the incentive is to revise quietly rather than loudly (17)
Guidance was stated more confidently than the evidence supported
~ Being wrong in public…Being wrong in public costs an institution more than being slow (22)
~ Reversing guidance is…Reversing guidance is used as proof the whole thing was a lie (15)
~ Nobody is assigned to…Nobody is assigned to look for evidence that the advice was wrong (15)
· chưa thuộc cụm nào (31)
Fact-checking grants come from the bodies whose claims are checked
A minister needs an answer this week and the study reports next year
A quiet revision looks like concealment even when it is not
Nobody is assigned to look for evidence that the advice was wrong
~ The models were right…The models were right about direction and wrong about magnitude, and only magnitude was reported (14)
~ Advice must be given …Advice must be given before the evidence is complete or it is not advice (13)
~ Guidance was stated m…Guidance was stated more confidently than the evidence supported (15)
An advisory committee's dissent is recorded and not published
A negative result is not publishable, so the record is skewed
Data behind the guidance is not released with it
Saying 'we do not know yet' is heard as incompetence
A fact-checker who contradicts a funder does not get renewed
Advice must be given before the evidence is complete or it is not advice
~ Nobody is assigned to…Nobody is assigned to look for evidence that the advice was wrong (13)
A correction arrives long after the decision it should have changed
Nobody funds the checking of the checkers
Committee members are chosen partly for being unlikely to make trouble
The press asks for a number and prints the number without the range
Political timelines and evidence timelines are different lengths
The evidence base is built from studies designed by interested parties
Retracting a paper takes years and the claim travels in days
Nobody outside can reproduce the analysis that produced the number
Nuance is stripped between the briefing and the headline
The same handful of experts sit on every committee
Reversing guidance is used as proof the whole thing was a lie
~ Guidance was stated m…Guidance was stated more confidently than the evidence supported (15)
Journals gain nothing from publishing a correction
There is no routine moment at which guidance is re-examined
A hedged message is reported as no message at all
The bodies that issue guidance also fund those who check it
Officials learned that hedging gets them attacked from both sides
The models were right about direction and wrong about magnitude, and only magnitude was reported
~ Nobody is assigned to…Nobody is assigned to look for evidence that the advice was wrong (14)
Preprints move faster than review and are quoted as settled
The team that wrote the guidance reviews the guidance
The first statement sets the frame and every revision fights it