AMANOTHI · IMINYAKAZO
4 Okthoba 2026
I-True Causes yakhelwe ukubhekana nezinkinga eziyisikhombisa imibhikisho exhumene ngenethiwekhi ka-2011 eyazishiya zingaxazululiwe. Leyo mibhikisho yagcwalisa izigcawu kusukela eTunis naseCairo kuya eMadrid naseNew York. Iyinika ibalazwe elabelwanayo lalokho okubangela yini, elakhiwe ngabantu abathintekayo.
Incwadi kaManuel Castells ethi Networks of Outrage and Hope isalokhu iyincazelo edumile yendlela eyasebenza ngayo. Intukuthelo yanqoba ukwesaba, amanethiwekhi ayisabalalisa, futhi imihlangano yazama ukuyiguqula ibe yithemba. Uma ifundwa ngemva kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu, incwadi iphinde ibe yirekhodi lalokho okwahamba kabi.
Imibhikisho yazabalaza ukusho ukuthi ifunani, futhi yagxila ezimpawini kunasezimbangeleni. Yenqaba abaholi kodwa yazala abangekho emthethweni, futhi ukukhuluma kwakubiza kakhulu lapho ukwesaba kwakubusa khona. Imihlangano yayo yayingakwazi ukukhula ngaphandle kwezithunywa, futhi ukusabalala kwavuza lokho okwasabalala kunalokho okwakuyiqiniso.
Futhi noma kuphi lapho abaxhasi abahleliwe, bangaphandle noma basekhaya, babemi ngemuva kwayo, isimangalo sayo sokuthi iyazikhulumela kwakulula ukusingabaza.
I-True Causes iyithuluzi umnyakazo ongalisebenzisa: lisiza iqembu labantu ukuthi lithole ukuthi yiziphi izinkinga okumele kubhekanwe nazo kuqala. Iqhuba i-Structured Democratic Dialogue, indlela eneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu yokuthola ukuthi yini ebangela yini, eku-inthanethi nangezinga elikhulu.
I-True Causes ithathela imenifesto engekho indawo ngebalazwe lezimbangela elabelwanayo. I-Occupy yahlekwa ngokuba nezikhalazo eziyinkulungwane kodwa ingenalo uhlelo. Kodwa okubalulekile okusakazekile kuvamile kunoma iyiphi inkinga eyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba akekho umuntu oyedwa oyibona yonke.
I-True Causes ithatha lokho kusakazeka njengento eluhlaza yokusebenza. Iqembu lithola ndawonye ukuthi yini ebangela yini, into umfelandawonye ongavumelana ngayo ngaphandle kokuqala ngokwabelana ngombono wezombusazwe. Ukuvumelana ngezimbangela kugcinwa kwehlukile ekungavumelani ngokubalulekile, ukuze kungabikho iningi elingasula lokho iqembu elincane elikukhathalelayo. Isigaba sezenzo sihamba isinyathelo esisodwa ngaphezulu. Isenzo ngasinye esiphakanyisiwe sahlulelwa ngokumelene nembangela ewumsuka ngayinye, ngakho umnyakazo uhamba ungenamuzwa nje kodwa unohlu olufushane loshintsho, ngalunye nezimbangela oluzithintayo: izimfuno ongazibala.
I-True Causes ibheka ngale kwenhlansi iye kulokho okuyibangele. Wonke umnyakazo uCastells awufunda waqala ngokulimala okubonakalayo: umthengisi owazishisa, insizwa ebulawe ngamaphoyisa, ukuhlengwa kwamabhange. Izinhlansi ziyavusa ngoba ziyabonakala, kodwa inkinga ebonakala kakhulu ngokuvamile ingumphumela, hhayi imbangela.
Esikhundleni sokuhlela izikhalazo ngokuthi zibuhlungu kangakanani, i-True Causes ibuza ukuthi zixhumana kanjani. Imbangela abantu abambalwa abayiqaphela ingagcina iyiyona ezinye zonke ezincike kuyo, futhi imibono enganakwanga isalalelwa.
I-True Causes ithathela abaholi abangekho emthethweni indawo ngemithetho evulekile. Imibhikisho ka-2011 yenqaba abaholi, futhi uCastells wayincoma ngalokho. Abagxeki bakhe, phakathi kwabo uPaolo Gerbaudo, baphikisa ngokuthi imibhikisho ayikaze ibe ngaphandle kwabaholi ngempela: iqembu elingenalo uhlaka olusobala lithola olufihlekile, oluqhutshwa ngabazethembe kakhulu nabaxhumene kakhulu. Imihlangano yokuvumelana nayo yakhathaza noma ubani owayenomsebenzi okumele aye kuwo.
Ku-True Causes, sonke isinyathelo silandela imithetho noma ubani angayifunda. Ukungavumelani kuyarekhodwa kunokuba kuchithwe, alikho izwi elibalwa ngaphezu kwelinye, futhi sonke isixhumanisi sinqunywa ngamavoti abantu. Ngaphakathi engxoxweni, akekho ophethe isando. Umqondisi, lapho ekhona, uphatha inqubo, hhayi okuqukethwe.
Ngaphandle kwayo, othile usabhala umbuzo, futhi noma ngubani owubhalayo unquma ukuthi yiziphi izimbangela ezingavela nhlobo. Lawo ngamandla uCastells awabona kulabo abahlela amanethiwekhi, esesuswe isinyathelo esisodwa ngaphambili. Ayabonakala: umbuzo usobala, futhi noma ubani angavula igumbi ngombuzo ongcono.
I-True Causes ivumela abantu ukuthi bakhulume bengavezwanga. KuCastells, wonke umnyakazo uqala uma intukuthelo inqoba ukwesaba. Endaweni yokusebenza, edolobheni elihlukene noma ezweni elicindezelayo, ukwesaba ukwaziwa kugcina okubonwe okuyiqiniso kakhulu kungashiwo.
Iminikelo ku-True Causes ayaziwa ukuthi ngekabani, futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuphela kwengxoxo, ngisho nenkundla ayikwazi ukusho ukuthi ubani owathini. Indlela yasekuqaleni igcina ababhali beshiwo ngamagama ukuze kube nokuziphendulela; i-True Causes yenza ukuhwebelana okuphambene.
Ukuhwebelana kubiza okuthile uCastells ayekuthatha njengokubalulekile. Ngokwencazelo yakhe, ukwesaba kuyanqotshwa uma abantu bebonana esigcawini: ukubonwa ndawonye yikho okuguqula intukuthelo yangasese ibe wubumbano. Ukungaziwa kuvumela okubonwe okuyiqiniso kakhulu ukuthi kushiwo, kodwa kushiwo umuntu eyedwa.
I-True Causes ikhula ngokwengeza amaqembu amancane, hhayi ngokukhetha izithunywa. Umhlangano usebenza ngobukhulu besigcawu. Lapho i-15-M yaseSpain isabalala yaba yimihlangano engamakhulu yezindawo zokuhlala, ukuyixhumanisa kwaba nensayo, futhi amandla amaningi abuyela emaqenjini ezombusazwe nasekhethweni.
I-True Causes igcina iqembu ngalinye lilincane ngokwanele ukuze kube nengxoxo yangempela, bese ihlanganisa umsebenzi wawo ube yisithombe esisodwa. Akekho omele omunye, futhi lapho amaqembu engavumelani khona, ukungavumelani kuyaboniswa kunokuba kwenziwe isilinganiso kunyamalale. Izimbangela ezitholakala ngaphansi kwemibuzo ehlukene ziyaxhumana, ngakho izixhumanisi iminyakazo eyake yazidweba ngokuzizwela, njengokuthi “siyi-99%”, manje zingahlolwa.
I-True Causes ikala isigomelo ngokuthi mangaki amaqembu asifinyelela ngokuzimela, hhayi ngokuthi sisabalala kangakanani. Iminyakazo exhumene ngenethiwekhi isabalala njengesifo: izithombe nama-hashtag ahamba ngoba ethinta abantu. Lezo zinqubo ezifanayo zivuza noma yini esabalalayo, iyiqiniso noma cha, futhi zenza ukusekelwa komgunyathi kubukeke kungokwangempela.
Ku-True Causes, iqembu ngalinye lizicabangela ngaphambi kokuthi imibono ihambe phakathi kwamaqembu, futhi ukuvumelana kubalwa kuphela uma kuvela ngokwehlukana. Amakhophi nemizamo ehleliwe yokuphusha kunesisindo esincane.
I-True Causes yenza ukuhlela kwangaphandle kubonakale. KuCastells, ukuzimela yikho okwenza imibhikisho yathembeka. Kodwa abaqeqeshi, abaxhasi nabahleli abangochwepheshe, bangaphandle nabasekhaya, basebenza nabanye ababhikishi bango-2011. Imibuso yakusebenzisa lokho ukuveza noma yimuphi umbhikisho njengephrojekthi yomunye umuntu.
Ku-True Causes, akekho ongumnikazi wombuzo, futhi noma ubani angawuthatha. Ingxoxo ngayinye isho ukuthi ubani ongahlanganyela nokuthi amalungu angena kanjani, futhi amaqembu imibono yawo icishe ifane ncamashi nemibono yamanye ayagqama. Ngenxa yokuthi amavoti awaziwa, akekho mxhasi ongahlola ukuthi abantu abalethile bavote kanjani.
Lokho engakwazi ukukubona ukuthi ubani okhokhayo noma oqasha abantu ngemuva kwezigcawu.
Ithuluzi lingabonisa umnyakazo lapho okumele uphushe khona, futhi ezinye zezinkinga ezindala zimane zathutha. Isibonelo sase-Iceland sikaCastells uqobo sibonisa ukuthi ukubonisa kukude kangakanani nokwenza: umthethosisekelo owabhalwa ngumphakathi owalandela imibhikisho ka-2008–09 wanqoba kunhlolovo kazwelonke yango-2012 kodwa awuzange usetshenziswe.
Ibalazwe akusona isigcawu: alikwazi ukudala ubumbano nesibindi sokuma ndawonye obala.
Amandla ayathutha kunokuba anyamalale. Noma ngubani obumba umbuzo ubumba impendulo, futhi ukunaka kusengaqoqana kweminye imibuzo kanti eminye ingabuzwa. Ukusabalala kushintsha kusuke kulokho okukholwayo kuye kulokho okubuzwayo.
Inkundla isencane, futhi izimpendulo zayo zihlolwe ekulingiseni kuphela. Ukuthi ziyema yini nezixuku zangempela ngaphansi kwengcindezi yangempela yinto elandelayo okumele ifundwe.
Manuel Castells, Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age (Polity, 2012; uhlelo lwesi-2 2015).
Paolo Gerbaudo, Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism (Pluto Press, 2012).